Regarding the identity of the "builders of the wall" in the Damascus Document, it's not just a matter of saying that these words are the same or similar to the one that Rabbinic Judaism uses to describe the oral Torah, it's also about the fact that it comes in a text that also mentions the "seeker of smooth things," who are commonly seen as being the Pharisees.
Take the reference to the "seeker of smooth things" in the Nahum Pesher, for example.
Interpreted, this concerns the furious young lion [who executes revenge] on those who seek smooth things and hangs men alive, [a thing never done] formerly in Israel. Because of a man hanged alive on [the] tree, he, shall read, 'Behold 1 am against [you, says the Lord of Hosts'].
This is commonly seen as referring to Alexander Janaeus' crucifixion of Pharisees, as Berrin, for example, discusses in
The Pesher Nahum Scroll from Qumran: An Exegetical Study Of4Q169.
https://books.google.com/books?id=zRBHI ... er&f=false
And the Jewish Virtual Library notes that:
Yannai appears at least in two Qumranic compositions. Pesher Nahum is indignant of the way the "Lion of Wrath" took revenge of "those who seek smooth things" by hanging men alive after Demetrius' unsuccessful attempt to conquer Jerusalem (1Q p Nahum 1:2–8). The historical coincidence points to Yannai's deed against his opponents, mainly Pharisees (here surnamed "those who seek smooth things").
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yan ... -alexander
And while Doudna sees the Nahum Pesher as being concurrent with the time of the Teacher of Righteousness, the fact remains, as he notes, that it is "a Qumran text which never mentions the mysterious figure," nor does it mention the Wicked Priest and/or the Liar, two other figures who are mentioned along with the Teacher of Righteousness in other peshers and the Damascus Document. (Doudna's solution is to see the reference to ""Manasseh" in the Nahum Pesher and the Wicked Priest in the other peshers as being "two names for the same figure, and both allude to Aristobulus II").
http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/200 ... ness.shtml
Maybe so, but the fact remains, as Hartog notes, that "Pesher Nahum refers neither to the Teacher nor to any of his opponents in Pesher Habakkuk."
https://books.google.com/books?id=tyk_D ... ss&f=false
And "Manasseh," whatever it may mean, is never used in the peshers that do mention the Teacher of Righteousness. And the "seekers of smooth things"/Pharisees were on the run when Alexander Jannaeus ruled (and arguably one of the DSS, 4Q448, praises him:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Q448), but in the peshers that mention the Teacher of Righteousness the "seekers of smooth things" were securely in control and in cahoots with those who are called "the kings of the peoples," which in my view better fits the time when Alexander's wife Salome Alexandra, who ruled from 76 BCE to 67 BCE (and who is mentioned in the DSS Priestly Courses) had sole power or after, when the Pharisees were securely in control. She is consequently praised (and Alexander is hated) in Rabbinic Judaism to this day.
She removed the Sadducees (who did not believe in the Oral Tradition, the Torah sheba’al peh), from the Sanhedrin, and installed the greatest scholars of those days in their place, with Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach at their head. With the help of another sage, Rabbi Joshua ben Gamla, he introduced a systerm through which every town of the Jewish land had good schools and pious teachers to teach the young children the Torah. The people were free and happy ...
To bring about such a happy state, Salome Alexandra had to rule wisely, for the members of the Sadducee party had considerable power. Gradually she pushed them out of every important office and position, and restored those sages and scholars who had survived the vicious persecution under Alexander Jannai. Her brother Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach was again at their head. The Sanhedrin was once more the highest court dedicated to carry out the laws of the Torah. Again, education was given into the hands of pious teachers who gave their students knowledge of Torah and the spirit of piety and faith.
http://www.chabad.org/library/article_c ... xandra.htm
So I think it's reasonable to suppose that the peshers that mention the Teacher of Righteousness are later than the Nahum Pesher, after 76 BCE, during this "happy state" of secure Pharisaic control that continued down to the Herodian era (and which is the dating range for 4QMMT above, for example).
And Eisenman points out some good reasons for thinking that these "kings of peoples" that the "seekers of smooth things" were in cahoots with were Herodians. For example, they are said to have married their nieces and engaged in polygamy and remarriage after divorce, practices that were common to Herodians that are noted by other scholars.
According to Josephus, Antipas ... "brazenly broached to [Herodias] the subject of marriage," and she accepted on the condition that he divorce his first wife.
Footnote 17: Hoehner,
Herod Antipas pg. 138 n. 4, observes that there were several uncle-niece marriages in the Herodian family.
https://books.google.com/books?id=GvWG0 ... ge&f=false
Damascus Document col. 4 and 5:
...[they] shall be caught in fornication twice by taking a second wife while the first is alive, whereas the principle of creation is, Male and female created He them. Also, those who entered the Ark went in two by two. And concerning the prince it is written, He shall not multiply wives to himself ... Moreover, they profane the Temple because ... each man marries the daughter of his brother or sister, whereas Moses said, You shall not approach your mother's sister; she is your mother's near kin. But although the laws against incest are written for men, they also apply to women. When, therefore, a brother's daughter uncovers the nakedness of her father's brother, she is (also his) near kin.
To my knowledge, these aren't things that are said to have been common to Maccabean rulers.