Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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DCHindley wrote:
Peter Kirby wrote:Here is an download (21MB) of the entire book by Robert Eisler, The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist, as a PDF.
Where did you find this?
There is a 108MB version floating out there, and I compressed it.

http://www.christianjewishlibrary.org/P ... hJesus.pdf
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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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Whiston noted a possible corruption in Ant. 12.2.3 :

"Although this number one hundred and twenty drachmee [of Alexandria, or sixty Jewish shekels] be here three times repeated, and that in all Josephus's copies, Greek and Latin; yet since all the copies of Aristeus, whence Josephus took his relation, have this sum several times, and still as no more than twenty drachmae, or ten Jewish shekels; and since the sum of the talents, to be set down presently, which is little above four hundred and sixty, for somewhat more than one hundred thousand slaves, and is nearly the same in Josephus and Aristeus, does better agree to twenty than to one hundred and twenty drachmae; and since the value of a slave of old was at the utmost but thirty shekels, or sixty drachmae; see Exodus 21:32; while in the present circumstances of these Jewish slaves, and those so very numerous, Philadelphus would rather redeem them at a cheaper than at a dearer rate; — there is great reason to prefer here Aristeus's copies before Josephus's."
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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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At Ant. 8.319, the name of the prophet Elijah may have "fallen out of Josephus's text here."

https://archive.org/stream/josephuswith ... /mode/2up/
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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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Given the fact that Josephus does have a passage on the expulsion of Jews from Rome (under Tiberius):

Whereupon Tiberius, who had been informed of the thing by Saturninus, the husband of Fulvia, who desired inquiry might be made about it, ordered all the Jews to be banished out of Rome; (Antiquities 18.83)

Yet as Josephus has no passage regarding an expulsion under Claudius, an intermediary source (like the example of Eusebius retroverting the statement of Origen) would explain this reference from Paulus Orosius. Thus we might expect either that there was a misread marginal note or an earlier history/chronicle that comments on Josephus (perhaps correcting Josephus gently, making it seem like Josephus meant to say something else, i.e., that the expulsion was under Claudius not Tiberius, thus explaining the emphasis of the statement on chronology) and that Paulus Orosius put this directly to Josephus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius%2 ... _from_Rome
The 5th-century Christian writer Paulus Orosius makes a possible reference to the event, citing two sources:

"Josephus reports, 'In his ninth year the Jews were expelled by Claudius from the city.' But Suetonius, who speaks as follows, influences me more: 'Claudius expelled from Rome the Jews constantly rioting at the instigation of Christ [Christo, or rather xpo].' As far as whether he had commanded that the Jews rioting against Christ [Christum] be restrained and checked or also had wanted the Christians, as persons of a cognate religion, to be expelled, it is not at all to be discerned."[44]
The first source used by Orosius comes from a non-extant quote from Josephus.[45] It is this which provides the date of AD 49. His second source is Suetonius Claudius 25.4.

Slingerland contends that Orosius made up the Josephus passage for which no scholar has been able to discover a source.[46] He also argues that the writer is guilty of manipulating source materials for polemic purposes.[47] Feldman states that "there is no such statement in the extant manuscripts of Josephus, and there is reason to believe that this version was created in the mind of Orosius himself."[48] Philip Esler agrees with Slingerland that the AD 49 date "is a creation fully explicable within the tendentious historiography of this author."[49]

However, E. M. Smallwood states that Orosius may have known of a passage from another author but confused the Josephus passage with it, or may have been quoting from memory.[50] Silvia Cappelletti states that the change in spelling was probably not due to Orosius but to an intermediate source he consulted.[51] Cappelletti also states that the lack of the Josephus text referred to does not undermine the authority of the date Orosius has suggested.[51] Brown tactfully states, "Orosius is not famous for his impeccable accuracy," then adds that "such a date" (i.e. 49) "receives some confirmation from Acts."[41] Bernard Green states that given that this section of Orosius' history is based on the chronological order of events, and that he refers to the expulsion only briefly and attaches no significance to it, Orosius seems to be "guiltlessly reporting" an event based on records he had seen.[52] Rainer Riesner notes that it is not possible for Orosius to have derived the date of the expulsion that he wrote about from the Book of Acts.[1]
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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

Post by Ken Olson »

Orosius may have inferred that Josephus made such a statement from Eusebius Ecclesiastical History 2.18 & 19, which he would probably have known in Rufinus' Latin translation. Eusebius makes the statement about the expulsion in between material ascribed to Philo and material ascribed to Josephus. Orosius may have inferred from the statement that these facts were also reported in Acts that Acts was not the source from which the report came.
BOOK II

CHAPTER XVIII
... The same author [Philo], in the reign of Caius, coming to Rome, is said to have recited before the whole senate, in the reign of Claudius, what he wrote on the impiety of Caius, to which he humourously prefixed the title " On the Virtues;" and the discourses were so much admired as to be deemed worthy of a place in the libraries. During this time also, Paul finishing his journey from Jerusalem, and thence round to Illyricum, Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome, at which time Aquila and Priscilla, with the other Jews that left Rome, went over into Asia. There they abode with the apostle, who was confirming those among whom churches had been already established by him. Of these facts we are also informed in the sacred book of the Acts.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE CALAMITY WHICH BEFELL THE JEWS AT JERUSALEM ON THE DAY OF THE PASSOVER.
WHILST Claudius held the government of the empire, it happened about the festival of the passover, that so great a sedition and disturbance took place at Jerusalem, that thirty thousand Jews perished of those alone who were crowded out of the gates of the temple, and thus trodden to death by one another. Thus the festival became a season of mourning and weeping to the whole nation and every family. This is almost literally the account given by Josephus. But Claudius appointed Agrippa, the son of Agrippa, king of the Jews, having deputed Felix procurator of all Samaria and Galilee, and also of the region situated beyond Jordan. He died after a reign of thirteen years and eight months, leaving Nero as his successor in the empire.
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Re: Marginal Notes, Interpolations, & Parallels in Josephus

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Thanks for this. It makes sense.

I tried to find it in the Chronicle of Jerome, but it's not there. Jerome adheres to the tradition that Nero and Domitian were the first persecutors, so it would not be as relevant to him as it would be if he might have believed that Christians were expelled (as Paulus Orosius does).

We do find this though, also atttested elsewhere--

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerom ... _part2.htm
Domitian again by edict thrusts out the philosphers and astrologers from Rome. [95 AD]

There is still the possibility that some kind of lost chronicle or specific reference preceded Paulus Orosius here. The date coincides with an Olympiad (the 207th olympiad). Unless, of course, this detail were just invented by Paulus Orosius.
"... almost every critical biblical position was earlier advanced by skeptics." - Raymond Brown
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